How does France’s election work and what comes next?

French voters are going to the polls on Sunday for an exceptional moment in their political history: the first round of snap parliamentary elections that could see the country’s first far-right government since the Second World War Nazi occupation – or no majority emerging at all.

The outcome of the vote, following the second round on July 7 and a hasty campaign, remains highly uncertain as three major political blocs are competing: the far-right National Rally, President Emmanuel Macron’s centrist alliance, and the New Popular Front coalition that includes centre-left, greens and hard-left forces.

– How does it work?

The French system is complex and not proportionate to nationwide support for a party.

Members of parliament are elected by district. A candidate requires more than 50% of the day’s vote to be elected outright on Sunday.

Failing that, the top two contenders, alongside anyone else who won support from more than 12.5% of registered voters, go forward to a second round.

In some cases, three or four people make it to the second round, although some may step aside to improve the chances of another contender – a tactic often used in the past to block far-right candidates.

Key party leaders are expected to unveil their strategy in between the two rounds. This makes the result of the second round highly uncertain, and dependent on political manoeuvring and how voters react.

The far-right National Rally, ahead in all pre-election opinion polls, hopes to win an absolute majority, or at least 289 out of the 577 seats.

The National Assembly, the lower house, is the more powerful of France’s two houses of parliament. It has the final say in the law-making process over the Senate, dominated by conservatives.

Mr Macron has a presidential mandate until 2027, and has said he will not step down before the end of his term.

If a political force other than his centrist alliance gets a majority, Mr Macron will be forced to appoint a prime minister belonging to that new majority.

In such a situation – called “cohabitation” in France – the government would implement policies that diverge from the president’s plan.

France’s modern republic has experienced three cohabitations, the last one under conservative president Jacques Chirac, with socialist prime minister Lionel Jospin, from 1997 to 2002.

The prime minister is accountable to parliament, leads the government and introduces Bills.

“In case of cohabitation, policies implemented are essentially those of the prime minister,” political historian Jean Garrigues said.

The president is weakened at home during cohabitation, but still holds some powers over foreign policy, European affairs and defence because he is in charge of negotiating and ratifying international treaties.

The president is also the commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces, and is the one holding the nuclear codes.

“Yet the prime minister has the power to submit these ordinances and decrees to a vote of the National Assembly, thus overriding the president’s reluctance,” he noted.

– Who leads defence and foreign policies?

During previous cohabitations, defence and foreign policies were considered the informal “reserved field” of the president, who was usually able to find compromises with the prime minister to allow France to speak with one voice abroad.

However today both the far-right and the leftist coalition’s views in these areas differ radically from Mr Macron’s approach and are likely be a subject of tension during a potential cohabitation.

According to the French Constitution, while “the president is the head of the military, it’s the prime minister who has the armed forces at his disposal” Mr Garrigues said.

“In the diplomatic field also, the president’s perimeter is considerably restricted.”

National Rally’s president, Jordan Bardella, said that if he were to become prime minister, he would oppose sending French troops to Ukraine – a possibility Mr Macron has not ruled out.

Mr Bardella also said he would refuse French deliveries of long-range missiles and other weaponry capable of striking targets within Russia itself.

If the leftist coalition was to win the elections, it could disrupt France’s diplomatic efforts in the Middle East.

The New Popular Front’s platform plans to “immediately recognise the Palestinian state” and “break with the French government’s guilty support” for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government.

Mr Macron previously argued that the recognition of the Palestinian state should take place at a “useful moment”, suggesting the Israel-Hamas war does not allow such a move at the moment.

The president can name a prime minister from the parliamentary group with the most seats at the National Assembly – this has been the case for Mr Macron’s own centrist alliance since 2022.

Yet National Rally has already said it would reject such an option, because it would mean a far-right government could soon be overthrown through a no-confidence vote if other political parties join together.

The president could try to build a broad coalition from the left to the right, an option that sounds unlikely, given the political divergences.

Experts say another complex option would be to appoint “a government of experts” unaffiliated with political parties but which would still need to be accepted by a majority at the National Assembly. Such a government would be likely to deal mostly with day-to-day affairs rather than implementing major reforms.

If political talks take too long amid summer holidays and the July 26 to August 11 Olympics in Paris, Mr Garrigues said a “transition period” cannot be ruled out, during which Mr Macron’s centrist government would “still be in charge of current affairs”, pending further decisions.

“Whatever the National Assembly looks like, it seems that the Constitution of the 5th Republic is flexible enough to survive these complex circumstances,” Melody Mock-Gruet, a public law expert teaching at Sciences Po Paris, said.

“Institutions are more solid than they appear, even when faced with this experimental exercise.

“Yet there remains another unknown in the equation – the population’s ability to accept the situation.”